Official speed |
123.19 wpm (84.16 seconds elapsed during race) |
Without ending ping |
123.34 wpm (105 ms delay sending score to TypeRacer’s server) |
Timerless |
123.82 wpm (321 ms elapsed before first character typed; 83.74 seconds elapsed during race) |
Timerless minus one |
123.67 wpm, ignoring the first character typed |
Race Start |
November 12, 2023 1:53:57am UTC |
Race Finish |
November 12, 2023 1:55:21am UTC |
Outcome |
Win (1 of 3) |
Accuracy |
98.1% |
Points |
332.61 |
Text |
#4940058 (Length: 864 characters) Calculus is a tool that helps us understand how a change in one quantity is related to a change in another. How does the speed of a falling object change as a function of time? How does the level of water in a barrel change as a function of the amount of liquid poured into it? We see change occurring in nearly everything we observe in the world and universe, and powerful modern instruments help us see more and more. In this section we introduce the ideas of average and instantaneous rates of change, and show that they are closely related to the slope of a curve at a point P on the curve. We give precise developments of these important concepts in the next chapter, but for now we use an informal approach so you will see how they lead naturally to the main idea of this chapter, the limit. The idea of a limit plays a foundational role throughout calculus. |
Characters typed |
Calculus is a tool that helps us understand how a change in one quantity is related to a change in another. How does the speed of af allia falling object change as a function of time? How does the level fo watof water in a barrel change as a function of the amount of liquiedd poured into it? W ee see change ocurcurring in nearly everytinhing we obsever observe in the world and universe, and powerful modern instruments hleelp us see more and more. In this section we introduce the ideas of average and instantaenneuous rates of changes, anchange, and show that they are closely related to the slope of ac ura curve at a opoint P on the curve. We give precise developments of thseese important concepts in the next chapter, but for now we use an informal approach so you will see how they lead naturally to the main idea of this chapter, the limit. The idea of alilimit plaa limit plays a foundational role throughout calculus. |
Timing |
Character |
C |
a |
l |
c |
u |
l |
u |
s |
|
i |
s |
|
a |
|
t |
o |
o |
l |
|
t |
h |
a |
t |
|
h |
Milliseconds |
321 |
96 |
144 |
104 |
90 |
149 |
63 |
59 |
59 |
75 |
68 |
53 |
104 |
54 |
43 |
107 |
134 |
151 |
51 |
46 |
90 |
44 |
36 |
31 |
61 |
Character |
e |
l |
p |
s |
|
u |
s |
|
u |
n |
d |
e |
r |
s |
t |
a |
n |
d |
|
h |
o |
w |
|
a |
|
Milliseconds |
89 |
46 |
135 |
90 |
31 |
89 |
66 |
46 |
83 |
51 |
107 |
149 |
59 |
100 |
74 |
53 |
96 |
61 |
52 |
75 |
75 |
30 |
60 |
84 |
80 |
Character |
c |
h |
a |
n |
g |
e |
|
i |
n |
|
o |
n |
e |
|
q |
u |
a |
n |
t |
i |
t |
y |
|
i |
s |
Milliseconds |
31 |
69 |
83 |
95 |
39 |
67 |
45 |
68 |
68 |
73 |
61 |
53 |
66 |
23 |
99 |
83 |
87 |
22 |
407 |
158 |
84 |
148 |
82 |
76 |
75 |
Character |
|
r |
e |
l |
a |
t |
e |
d |
|
t |
o |
|
a |
|
c |
h |
a |
n |
g |
e |
|
i |
n |
|
a |
Milliseconds |
52 |
136 |
83 |
97 |
112 |
37 |
60 |
112 |
83 |
66 |
39 |
68 |
81 |
61 |
60 |
105 |
67 |
112 |
54 |
88 |
38 |
46 |
75 |
75 |
36 |
Character |
n |
o |
t |
h |
e |
r |
. |
|
H |
o |
w |
|
d |
o |
e |
s |
|
t |
h |
e |
|
s |
p |
e |
e |
Milliseconds |
62 |
97 |
22 |
104 |
76 |
61 |
120 |
89 |
127 |
115 |
104 |
103 |
52 |
54 |
105 |
37 |
53 |
52 |
38 |
82 |
46 |
68 |
99 |
72 |
113 |
Character |
d |
|
o |
f |
|
a |
f |
|
a |
l |
l |
i |
-a |
-l |
-l |
-i |
-a |
-f |
- |
a |
|
f |
a |
l |
l |
Milliseconds |
127 |
76 |
97 |
7 |
89 |
40 |
97 |
15 |
58 |
90 |
129 |
52 |
278 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
136 |
0 |
0 |
405 |
96 |
84 |
112 |
83 |
120 |
Character |
i |
n |
g |
|
o |
b |
j |
e |
c |
t |
|
c |
h |
a |
n |
g |
e |
|
a |
s |
|
a |
|
f |
u |
Milliseconds |
59 |
90 |
37 |
46 |
76 |
58 |
166 |
53 |
59 |
158 |
50 |
130 |
52 |
105 |
67 |
31 |
68 |
81 |
16 |
89 |
75 |
47 |
97 |
60 |
95 |
Character |
n |
c |
t |
i |
o |
n |
|
o |
f |
|
t |
i |
m |
e |
? |
|
H |
o |
w |
|
d |
o |
e |
s |
|
Milliseconds |
77 |
23 |
142 |
44 |
108 |
22 |
64 |
108 |
88 |
67 |
228 |
96 |
58 |
47 |
150 |
30 |
149 |
159 |
111 |
47 |
118 |
29 |
130 |
37 |
37 |
Character |
t |
h |
e |
|
l |
e |
v |
e |
l |
|
f |
o |
|
w |
a |
t |
-w |
-a |
-t |
-f |
-o |
- |
o |
f |
|
Milliseconds |
89 |
38 |
99 |
22 |
113 |
52 |
97 |
61 |
52 |
82 |
75 |
10 |
88 |
23 |
74 |
45 |
301 |
0 |
0 |
134 |
0 |
0 |
302 |
74 |
51 |
Character |
w |
a |
t |
e |
r |
|
i |
n |
|
a |
|
b |
a |
r |
r |
e |
l |
|
c |
h |
a |
n |
g |
e |
|
Milliseconds |
83 |
60 |
37 |
90 |
69 |
45 |
66 |
54 |
74 |
22 |
83 |
69 |
44 |
61 |
112 |
82 |
105 |
347 |
95 |
106 |
58 |
120 |
23 |
68 |
81 |
Character |
a |
s |
|
a |
|
f |
u |
n |
c |
t |
i |
o |
n |
|
o |
f |
|
t |
h |
e |
|
a |
m |
o |
u |
Milliseconds |
55 |
51 |
69 |
60 |
112 |
60 |
104 |
92 |
75 |
157 |
23 |
105 |
14 |
76 |
97 |
51 |
76 |
53 |
45 |
90 |
38 |
67 |
59 |
83 |
90 |
Character |
n |
t |
|
o |
f |
|
l |
i |
q |
u |
i |
e |
d |
-d |
-e |
d |
|
p |
o |
u |
r |
e |
d |
|
i |
Milliseconds |
51 |
54 |
37 |
76 |
74 |
38 |
126 |
61 |
91 |
103 |
77 |
140 |
121 |
391 |
98 |
113 |
120 |
74 |
165 |
75 |
68 |
52 |
119 |
31 |
58 |
Character |
n |
t |
o |
|
i |
t |
? |
|
W |
|
e |
-e |
- |
e |
|
s |
e |
e |
|
c |
h |
a |
n |
g |
e |
Milliseconds |
62 |
60 |
74 |
31 |
112 |
68 |
181 |
50 |
120 |
191 |
36 |
480 |
389 |
123 |
111 |
148 |
53 |
143 |
91 |
96 |
45 |
105 |
68 |
59 |
69 |
Character |
|
o |
c |
u |
r |
-r |
-u |
c |
u |
r |
r |
i |
n |
g |
|
i |
n |
|
n |
e |
a |
r |
l |
y |
|
Milliseconds |
46 |
112 |
90 |
90 |
178 |
262 |
122 |
98 |
90 |
83 |
111 |
52 |
83 |
46 |
51 |
68 |
36 |
84 |
60 |
60 |
54 |
50 |
86 |
73 |
61 |
Character |
e |
v |
e |
r |
y |
t |
i |
n |
-n |
-i |
h |
i |
n |
g |
|
w |
e |
|
o |
b |
s |
e |
v |
e |
r |
Milliseconds |
89 |
112 |
83 |
82 |
67 |
90 |
165 |
83 |
271 |
418 |
195 |
100 |
90 |
29 |
97 |
38 |
60 |
58 |
115 |
58 |
105 |
48 |
200 |
143 |
74 |
Character |
|
-o |
-b |
-s |
-e |
-v |
-e |
-r |
- |
o |
b |
s |
e |
r |
v |
e |
|
i |
n |
|
t |
h |
e |
|
w |
Milliseconds |
82 |
249 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
269 |
76 |
60 |
23 |
60 |
142 |
90 |
143 |
142 |
60 |
82 |
29 |
76 |
75 |
25 |
35 |
Character |
o |
r |
l |
d |
|
a |
n |
d |
|
u |
n |
i |
v |
e |
r |
s |
e |
, |
|
a |
n |
d |
|
p |
o |
Milliseconds |
128 |
68 |
158 |
97 |
73 |
47 |
61 |
65 |
38 |
61 |
76 |
89 |
52 |
105 |
90 |
84 |
58 |
54 |
58 |
83 |
45 |
92 |
29 |
75 |
46 |
Character |
w |
e |
r |
f |
u |
l |
|
m |
o |
d |
e |
r |
n |
|
i |
n |
s |
t |
r |
u |
m |
e |
n |
t |
s |
Milliseconds |
59 |
38 |
75 |
110 |
98 |
174 |
240 |
97 |
75 |
52 |
151 |
52 |
53 |
89 |
83 |
60 |
45 |
45 |
128 |
14 |
136 |
83 |
90 |
45 |
66 |
Character |
|
h |
l |
e |
-e |
-l |
e |
l |
p |
|
u |
s |
|
s |
e |
e |
|
m |
o |
r |
e |
|
a |
n |
d |
Milliseconds |
31 |
66 |
121 |
120 |
278 |
127 |
98 |
96 |
128 |
84 |
97 |
90 |
22 |
106 |
51 |
120 |
98 |
69 |
76 |
35 |
74 |
16 |
69 |
50 |
76 |
Character |
|
m |
o |
r |
e |
. |
|
I |
n |
|
t |
h |
i |
s |
|
s |
e |
c |
t |
i |
o |
n |
|
w |
e |
Milliseconds |
44 |
68 |
47 |
73 |
45 |
128 |
44 |
157 |
78 |
89 |
81 |
69 |
76 |
65 |
61 |
82 |
38 |
75 |
196 |
58 |
76 |
37 |
52 |
39 |
52 |
Character |
|
i |
n |
t |
r |
o |
d |
u |
c |
e |
|
t |
h |
e |
|
i |
d |
e |
a |
s |
|
o |
f |
|
a |
Milliseconds |
76 |
82 |
53 |
21 |
136 |
74 |
61 |
97 |
76 |
272 |
124 |
77 |
65 |
61 |
54 |
88 |
68 |
126 |
61 |
76 |
46 |
81 |
24 |
73 |
54 |
Character |
v |
e |
r |
a |
g |
e |
|
a |
n |
d |
|
i |
n |
s |
t |
a |
n |
t |
a |
e |
n |
-n |
-e |
n |
e |
Milliseconds |
43 |
112 |
91 |
68 |
76 |
59 |
52 |
92 |
73 |
61 |
30 |
97 |
60 |
31 |
53 |
80 |
39 |
68 |
119 |
189 |
125 |
451 |
104 |
263 |
106 |
Character |
u |
-u |
o |
u |
s |
|
r |
a |
t |
e |
s |
|
o |
f |
|
c |
h |
a |
n |
g |
e |
s |
, |
|
a |
Milliseconds |
421 |
345 |
178 |
83 |
61 |
50 |
76 |
92 |
60 |
66 |
61 |
14 |
112 |
11 |
78 |
85 |
111 |
54 |
171 |
77 |
67 |
28 |
75 |
61 |
70 |
Character |
n |
-a |
-n |
-c |
-h |
-a |
-n |
-g |
-e |
-s |
-, |
- |
c |
h |
a |
n |
g |
e |
, |
|
a |
n |
d |
|
s |
Milliseconds |
81 |
307 |
0 |
144 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
449 |
88 |
76 |
105 |
29 |
69 |
81 |
46 |
52 |
90 |
83 |
83 |
83 |
Character |
h |
o |
w |
|
t |
h |
a |
t |
|
t |
h |
e |
y |
|
a |
r |
e |
|
c |
l |
o |
s |
e |
l |
y |
Milliseconds |
80 |
70 |
51 |
30 |
105 |
60 |
62 |
44 |
68 |
44 |
16 |
127 |
44 |
60 |
76 |
50 |
78 |
28 |
122 |
89 |
129 |
53 |
57 |
84 |
60 |
Character |
|
r |
e |
l |
a |
t |
e |
d |
|
t |
o |
|
t |
h |
e |
|
s |
l |
o |
p |
e |
|
o |
f |
|
Milliseconds |
44 |
128 |
60 |
120 |
53 |
47 |
57 |
137 |
73 |
82 |
16 |
75 |
60 |
44 |
76 |
53 |
90 |
81 |
144 |
137 |
72 |
37 |
99 |
31 |
74 |
Character |
a |
c |
|
u |
r |
-u |
-r |
-a |
-c |
- |
a |
|
c |
u |
r |
v |
e |
|
a |
t |
|
a |
|
o |
-o |
Milliseconds |
51 |
89 |
8 |
152 |
53 |
322 |
0 |
119 |
0 |
0 |
339 |
67 |
98 |
119 |
83 |
156 |
61 |
83 |
60 |
45 |
75 |
61 |
81 |
74 |
452 |
Character |
p |
o |
i |
n |
t |
|
P |
|
o |
n |
|
t |
h |
e |
|
c |
u |
r |
v |
e |
. |
|
W |
e |
|
Milliseconds |
157 |
127 |
188 |
82 |
29 |
91 |
90 |
99 |
128 |
64 |
62 |
47 |
80 |
60 |
61 |
104 |
67 |
114 |
170 |
60 |
113 |
31 |
128 |
216 |
90 |
Character |
g |
i |
v |
e |
|
p |
r |
e |
c |
i |
s |
e |
|
d |
e |
v |
e |
l |
o |
p |
m |
e |
n |
t |
s |
Milliseconds |
109 |
87 |
97 |
39 |
51 |
68 |
83 |
75 |
150 |
73 |
91 |
68 |
76 |
90 |
134 |
106 |
67 |
52 |
150 |
40 |
125 |
76 |
104 |
30 |
83 |
Character |
|
o |
f |
|
t |
h |
s |
e |
-e |
-s |
e |
s |
e |
|
i |
m |
p |
o |
r |
t |
a |
n |
t |
|
c |
Milliseconds |
44 |
76 |
52 |
69 |
59 |
75 |
90 |
44 |
368 |
83 |
82 |
105 |
47 |
82 |
112 |
44 |
119 |
39 |
44 |
122 |
59 |
59 |
62 |
65 |
123 |
Character |
o |
n |
c |
e |
p |
t |
s |
|
i |
n |
|
t |
h |
e |
|
n |
e |
x |
t |
|
c |
h |
a |
p |
t |
Milliseconds |
65 |
60 |
39 |
61 |
96 |
53 |
59 |
53 |
97 |
39 |
66 |
83 |
105 |
83 |
82 |
68 |
45 |
165 |
29 |
75 |
121 |
59 |
99 |
68 |
66 |
Character |
e |
r |
, |
|
b |
u |
t |
|
f |
o |
r |
|
n |
o |
w |
|
w |
e |
|
u |
s |
e |
|
a |
n |
Milliseconds |
112 |
61 |
50 |
68 |
115 |
51 |
67 |
78 |
96 |
66 |
76 |
53 |
67 |
74 |
22 |
90 |
83 |
53 |
90 |
106 |
111 |
54 |
83 |
120 |
98 |
Character |
|
i |
n |
f |
o |
r |
m |
a |
l |
|
a |
p |
p |
r |
o |
a |
c |
h |
|
s |
o |
|
y |
o |
u |
Milliseconds |
81 |
83 |
66 |
25 |
103 |
99 |
104 |
66 |
90 |
83 |
76 |
67 |
120 |
98 |
82 |
83 |
61 |
29 |
75 |
30 |
75 |
90 |
66 |
75 |
77 |
Character |
|
w |
i |
l |
l |
|
s |
e |
e |
|
h |
o |
w |
|
t |
h |
e |
y |
|
l |
e |
a |
d |
|
n |
Milliseconds |
36 |
60 |
76 |
133 |
136 |
68 |
38 |
53 |
119 |
90 |
90 |
83 |
74 |
52 |
62 |
52 |
104 |
24 |
66 |
173 |
90 |
98 |
91 |
96 |
111 |
Character |
a |
t |
u |
r |
a |
l |
l |
y |
|
t |
o |
|
t |
h |
e |
|
m |
a |
i |
n |
|
i |
d |
e |
a |
Milliseconds |
102 |
66 |
67 |
82 |
59 |
82 |
130 |
43 |
61 |
90 |
44 |
45 |
62 |
44 |
67 |
45 |
83 |
68 |
89 |
60 |
53 |
105 |
82 |
135 |
46 |
Character |
|
o |
f |
|
t |
h |
i |
s |
|
c |
h |
a |
p |
t |
e |
r |
, |
|
t |
h |
e |
|
l |
i |
m |
Milliseconds |
53 |
89 |
46 |
66 |
53 |
38 |
74 |
39 |
81 |
60 |
68 |
83 |
91 |
42 |
113 |
61 |
68 |
66 |
61 |
47 |
87 |
38 |
74 |
72 |
101 |
Character |
i |
t |
. |
|
T |
h |
e |
|
i |
d |
e |
a |
|
o |
f |
|
a |
l |
i |
-i |
-l |
l |
i |
m |
i |
Milliseconds |
53 |
151 |
90 |
245 |
159 |
150 |
112 |
108 |
74 |
50 |
137 |
36 |
76 |
83 |
51 |
77 |
52 |
90 |
88 |
227 |
126 |
206 |
94 |
75 |
106 |
Character |
t |
|
p |
l |
a |
-p |
-l |
-a |
-a |
-l |
-i |
-m |
-i |
-t |
- |
a |
|
l |
i |
m |
i |
t |
|
p |
l |
Milliseconds |
75 |
59 |
113 |
76 |
74 |
279 |
0 |
0 |
126 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
825 |
135 |
143 |
97 |
83 |
81 |
78 |
65 |
106 |
38 |
Character |
a |
y |
s |
|
a |
|
f |
o |
u |
n |
d |
a |
t |
i |
o |
n |
a |
l |
|
r |
o |
l |
e |
|
t |
Milliseconds |
89 |
85 |
95 |
45 |
91 |
82 |
22 |
98 |
75 |
46 |
51 |
105 |
61 |
37 |
82 |
60 |
85 |
81 |
44 |
69 |
104 |
135 |
75 |
52 |
83 |
Character |
h |
r |
o |
u |
g |
h |
o |
u |
t |
|
c |
a |
l |
c |
u |
l |
u |
s |
. |
Milliseconds |
52 |
105 |
76 |
51 |
62 |
59 |
88 |
55 |
75 |
53 |
174 |
87 |
105 |
182 |
156 |
165 |
52 |
82 |
83 |
|
WPM Timing |
Seconds |
WPM |
1.68 |
114.06 |
3.37 |
135.45 |
5.05 |
152.09 |
6.73 |
140.8 |
8.42 |
148.28 |
10.1 |
148.52 |
11.78 |
133.42 |
13.47 |
133.67 |
15.15 |
136.24 |
16.83 |
137.59 |
18.52 |
131.56 |
20.2 |
132.48 |
21.88 |
135.45 |
23.57 |
132.4 |
25.25 |
132.6 |
26.93 |
126.54 |
28.62 |
124.55 |
30.3 |
125.95 |
31.98 |
122.32 |
33.67 |
119.06 |
35.35 |
120.85 |
37.03 |
122.17 |
38.71 |
122.12 |
40.4 |
122.98 |
42.08 |
124.33 |
43.76 |
124.76 |
45.45 |
127 |
47.13 |
123.23 |
48.81 |
122.18 |
50.5 |
119.06 |
52.18 |
121.19 |
53.86 |
122.53 |
55.55 |
120.98 |
57.23 |
120.15 |
58.91 |
120.18 |
60.6 |
120.2 |
62.28 |
121 |
63.96 |
120.63 |
65.65 |
121.74 |
67.33 |
122.62 |
69.01 |
123.11 |
70.7 |
123.91 |
72.38 |
124.34 |
74.06 |
125.89 |
75.75 |
126.26 |
77.43 |
125.53 |
79.11 |
122.86 |
80.8 |
122.38 |
82.48 |
123.23 |
84.16 |
123.19 |
|